Phage-Biosensors.

At Aqsens Health we focus on developing screening tests for diseases that are hard to diagnose, and where the benefit of an early diagnosis is the biggest. At the core of our technology are engineered phage-biosensors, whose high specificity and adaptability make them unmatched in disease and pathogen detection. 

What are phages?

Phages, or bacteriophages,  are widely present in nature: they are the most numerous biological entities on earth, outnumbering all other organisms. Some estimate that the number of phage particles on Earth is around a trillion phages for every grain of sand in the world.

Phages are viruses that specialize in infecting only bacterial cells, leaving mammalian cells unharmed. Phages can resist harsh conditions from extreme heat to extreme coldness, and thrive wherever bacteria live.

In the human body billions of different phages play an important role in our well-being. They protect us against pathogens, modulate the composition of our gut microbiome, and impact our bacterial balance, immune function and overall health.

The ability of phages to thrive in various environments demonstrates the strength of natural selection. This adaptability makes them a unique basis for developing biosensors that can identify difficult-to-detect targets. Aqsens Health’s biosensor utilizes this natural ability to rapidly evolve and to detect different diseases and conditions from cancer to pathogen infections like malaria. 

3D molecular structures, including a representation of the M13 and x174 phages.

Phage research has achieved several Nobel prizes:

  • Viral Replication Mechanism – 1969

  • DNA Repair Mechanism – 2015

  • Phage Display – 2018

  • CRISPR Gene Editing – 2020

Biosensor development

The biosensor development starts from selecting specific phage strains, which are then gradually evolved and engineered to be able to recognize disease-specific biomarkers in the human immune system. 

Engineering specific phage peptides enables not only fine-tuning of affinity to target biomarkers, but also optimization of signal strength through adjustable reporter-dye interactions. This programming is achieved through a proprietary biopanning process.

Infographic illustrating the biosensor development process, consisting of five steps in a circular flow: 1) Primed phage library, 2) Target capture (biopanning), 3) Phage selection, 4) Release and amplification of biomarker-specific phages, 5) Biosensor optimization. The process includes functionality tests and discards unbound phages. Emphasizes biosensor creation using phages and biomarkers.

When phages bind to specific biomarkers for a particular disease and interact with the dye-reporter, the color intensity of the sample changes accordingly. These changes in color intensity can be measured using two methods: a standard absorbance reader or a smartphone equipped with the AQ MOBI platform and its application software.

How can phage-biosensors compliment existing diagnostic methods?